Pediatrics – Infectious Diseases

RCT | Among neonates with probable bacterial infection, switching from intravenous to oral antibiotics (amoxicillin–clavulanic acid) was noninferior to a full course of intravenous antibiotics and resulted in shorter hospitalization (median duration of 3.4 vs. 6.8 days).

16 Sep, 2022 | 12:59h | UTC

Efficacy and safety of switching from intravenous to oral antibiotics (amoxicillin–clavulanic acid) versus a full course of intravenous antibiotics in neonates with probable bacterial infection (RAIN): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial – The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (link to abstract – $ for full-text)

Commentary: Dutch team devise less painful ‘drip and drink’ antibiotics treatment for babies – Dutch News

Commentaries on Twitter

*New trial*—early switch to #OralAntibiotics is not inferior to full-course IV antibiotics in #neonates with probable bacterial infection; & adverse events were not increased with use of oral antibiotics

By @IKMReiss @karelallegaert & colleagues

https://t.co/2yzeh3ptuc pic.twitter.com/BgBosxfECC

— The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (@LancetChildAdol) September 12, 2022

In term and near-term infants <28 days with probable bacterial infection, how safe is it to switch to oral Amox-Clav as opposed to completing a course of intravenous antibiotics? A new RCT in @Lancet tries to answer this question.https://t.co/M2Za54cfxF #EBNeoAlerts #NeoEBM pic.twitter.com/zKpIiW1Whx

— Evidence-Based Neo (@EBNEO) September 12, 2022

(Thread – click for more)

Efficacy & safety of switching from intravenous to oral antibiotics (amoxicillin–clavulanic acid) vs full course of IV antibiotics in neonates with probable bacterial infection (RAIN):multicentre, randomised,open-label,non-inferiority trial -The Lancet https://t.co/mcyr9bILRq

— Prof. Dr. Sanjeev Bagai (@BagaiDr) September 13, 2022

Global, regional, and national burdens of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2019: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

16 Sep, 2022 | 12:50h | UTC

Global, regional, and national burdens of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2019: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 – The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (link to abstract – $ for full-text)

Commentary on Twitter

New analysis of #GBD data reports the global incidence of #HIV and other #STIs in adolescents and young adults https://t.co/hSjgHMGg4R pic.twitter.com/JBd7Goa9Sa

— The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (@LancetChildAdol) September 13, 2022

Review | Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and neonates (MIS-N) associated with COVID-19: optimizing definition and management.

14 Sep, 2022 | 13:15h | UTC

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and neonates (MIS-N) associated with COVID-19: optimizing definition and management – Pediatrics Research

Commentary on Twitter

Proposed classification of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in #neonates (MIS-N)
Clinical features
Treatment and immunological mechanisms#MISC #covid19 #PIMSTS #PedsICU #NeoEBM @DrSBagci #NeoTwitter #Neonatology @DrKenRemy1 @ChrisCarrollMD @lizWWyld https://t.co/tDuM51GMr4 pic.twitter.com/PNobOOzevX

— Yonca Bulut M.D. (@yoncabulutmd) September 6, 2022

Under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License

M-A | Antibiotic use in ambulatory care for acutely ill children in high-income countries.

14 Sep, 2022 | 13:10h | UTC

Antibiotic use in ambulatory care for acutely ill children in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Archives of Disease in Childhood

Review | COVID-19 in children.

8 Sep, 2022 | 14:43h | UTC

COVID-19 in Children – Pediatric Clinics of North America

Once-daily dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in infants and children living with HIV from age 4 weeks: results from the below 14 kg cohort in the randomized ODYSSEY trial.

8 Sep, 2022 | 14:33h | UTC

Once-daily dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in infants and children living with HIV from age 4 weeks: results from the below 14 kg cohort in the randomised ODYSSEY trial – The Lancet HIV

Commentary on Twitter

New: Once-daily dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in infants and children living with HIV from age 4 weeks: results from the below 14 kg cohort in the randomised ODYSSEY trial by Pauline Amuge @bayloruganda and colleagues @MRCCTU https://t.co/mc1jWSXMU2 #openaccess pic.twitter.com/A10LgZcwjF

— The Lancet HIV (@TheLancetHIV) September 1, 2022

Pediatric infective endocarditis: a literature review.

8 Sep, 2022 | 14:31h | UTC

Pediatric Infective Endocarditis: A Literature Review – Journal of Clinical Medicine

Systematic Review | Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections.

6 Sep, 2022 | 14:40h | UTC

Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections – Cochrane Library

Commentary on Twitter

#probiotics for preventing colds? @CochraneARI looked at 24 studies w 6,950 people.
? may be beneficial in preventing at least 1 occurrence of acute upper respiratory tract infection #URTI & likely beneficial in preventing 3 occurrences of URTIs.https://t.co/A6XxrjKKcI pic.twitter.com/mDR3NYLLzQ

— The Cochrane Library (@CochraneLibrary) August 24, 2022

Consensus Statement | Cardiac screening prior to return to play after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the child and adolescent athlete. – “Asymptomatic individuals and those with mild symptoms should be cleared by their primary care or team physician, after physical examination and accurate evaluation of medical history”.

6 Sep, 2022 | 14:36h | UTC

Cardiac screening prior to return to play after SARS-CoV-2 infection: focus on the child and adolescent athlete: A Clinical Consensus Statement of the Task Force for Childhood Health of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology

M-A | Safety and efficacy of abacavir for treating infants, children, and adolescents living with HIV.

6 Sep, 2022 | 14:27h | UTC

Safety and efficacy of abacavir for treating infants, children, and adolescents living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis – The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health

Commentary on Twitter

*New meta-analysis* supports the use of #abacavir as a preferred first-line regimen for infants & children living with #HIV

By @jujesson & colleagueshttps://t.co/WSvp5ZOUf1 pic.twitter.com/qFBo5O3zJC

— The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (@LancetChildAdol) September 5, 2022

Study Commentary | Zinc for the prevention or treatment of respiratory tract infections: a new systematic review.

1 Sep, 2022 | 11:46h | UTC

Zinc for the prevention or treatment of respiratory tract infections: A new systematic review – Science-Based Medicine

Original Study: M-A: Zinc might help to stave off respiratory infection symptoms and cut illness duration – “But quality of evidence variable, and no clarity on optimal formulation or dose”.

Monkeypox: a clinical update for pediatricians.

24 Aug, 2022 | 14:19h | UTC

Monkeypox: A clinical update for paediatricians – Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health

Cohort Study | Clinical presentation and virological assessment of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in Spain.

CDC Report | Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Monkeypox cases in the US.

Update on the Monkeypox Outbreak – JAMA

Antivirals with Activity Against Monkeypox: A Clinically Oriented Review – Clinical Infectious Diseases

Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series – The BMJ

WHO Declares Global Public Health Emergency Over Monkeypox Virus Outbreak – Health Policy Watch

Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries — April–June 2022 – New England Journal of Medicine

Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals – Open Forum Infectious Diseases

WHO Guidance | Behavioral and social drivers of vaccination: tools and practical guidance for achieving high uptake.

22 Aug, 2022 | 12:13h | UTC

Behavioural and social drivers of vaccination: tools and practical guidance for achieving high uptake – World Health Organization

Retrospective cohort study | Risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age at birth, and stillbirth after covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy.

18 Aug, 2022 | 12:51h | UTC

Risk of preterm birth, small for gestational age at birth, and stillbirth after covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy: population based retrospective cohort study – The BMJ

News Release: No link between COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy and higher risk of preterm birth or stillbirth – British Medical Journal

SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy – Nature Reviews Immunology

Cohort Study: COVID-19 vaccination during early pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of congenital fetal anomalies.

Retrospective Cohort: A population-based study in Sweden and Norway did not find an increased risk of pregnancy complications after COVID-19 vaccination.

WHO Questions and Answers: COVID-19 vaccines and pregnancy.

COVID vaccines safely protect pregnant people: the data are in.

COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy—number needed to vaccinate to avoid harm.

A case-controlled study showed Covid-19 vaccination during early pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of first-trimester miscarriage.

Editorial: Covid-19 treatments and vaccines must be evaluated in pregnancy.

AstraZeneca vaccination not linked to reduced fertility rates and adverse birth outcomes.

Cohort study: Vaccinated pregnant patients had 90% lower risk of severe or critical Covid-19 compared with unvaccinated pregnant patients.

Two observational studies suggest spontaneous abortion is not increased following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy.

Study shows high effectiveness of the Pfizer mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy.

5 Crucial Things to Know About COVID-19 Vaccines and Pregnancy.

CDC Guidance: Pregnant people should be vaccinated against COVID-19.

ACOG and SMFM Recommend COVID-19 Vaccination for Pregnant Individuals – “ACOG encourages its members to enthusiastically recommend vaccination to their patients.”

Cohort study: Pfizer/BioNTech COVID vaccine associated with 78% lower risk of Covid-19 in pregnancy.

Commentary on Twitter

No link between covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy and higher risk of preterm birth or stillbirth, finds study in @bmj_latest https://t.co/XLgFeoWVsp

Findings can help guide decision making about #covid-19 #vaccination during #pregnancy pic.twitter.com/9Pxm0Yv2Mf

— BMJ (@bmj_company) August 18, 2022

AAP Updated Clinical Report | The use of systemic and topical fluoroquinolones.

17 Aug, 2022 | 14:19h | UTC

The Use of Systemic and Topical Fluoroquinolones – Pediatrics

NICE Guideline | Urinary tract infection in under 16s: diagnosis and management.

15 Aug, 2022 | 12:34h | UTC

Urinary tract infection in under 16s: diagnosis and management – National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

M-A | Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course.

15 Aug, 2022 | 12:21h | UTC

Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis – The Lancet Global Health

Invited Commentary: Infant BCG vaccination is beneficial, but not sufficient – The Lancet Global Health

News Release: BCG vaccine prevents tuberculosis in young children, but not adults – Boston University School of Public Health

Commentary from the author on Twitter (thread – click for more)

1/n Our new @LancetGH study investigating BCG vaccination in infancy and tuberculosis risk is out!

Link: https://t.co/Gu469QlnFh pic.twitter.com/yRIdb2I7Zr

— Leo Martinez (@LeoMarti_EpiTB) August 9, 2022

Antimicrobial dosing recommendations in pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: a critical appraisal of current evidence.

5 Aug, 2022 | 13:58h | UTC

Antimicrobial Dosing Recommendations in Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Critical Appraisal of Current Evidence – Frontiers in Pediatrics

Case-Control Study | Outpatient oral macrolide use is associated with increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss in children, adolescents, and young adults.

4 Aug, 2022 | 14:29h | UTC

Association of Outpatient Oral Macrolide Use With Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults – JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery (link to abstract – $ for full-text)

Commentary: Kids’ Hearing Loss Associated With Common Antibiotics — Children and teens with sensorineural hearing loss more often macrolide users – MedPage Today (free registration required)

Cohort Study | Incidence of acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell disease following implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

3 Aug, 2022 | 13:53h | UTC

Incidence of Acute Chest Syndrome in Children With Sickle Cell Disease Following Implementation of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in France – JAMA Network Open

Commentary on Twitter

#OrigInvestigation: Reduction of acute chest syndrome incidence in children with sickle-cell disease following 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) implementation in France. https://t.co/MuG6T0g5FU

— JAMA Network Open (@JAMANetworkOpen) August 2, 2022

Severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children—what is known?

2 Aug, 2022 | 12:39h | UTC

Severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children—what is known? – BMC Medicine

A Case Series of Children with Acute Hepatitis and Human Adenovirus Infection – New England Journal of Medicine (link to abstract – $ for full-text)

Clinical Spectrum of Children with Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause – New England Journal of Medicine (link to abstract – $ for full-text)

Severe acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children – Multi-country – World Health Organization

Indeterminate pediatric acute liver failure: Clinical characteristics of a temporal cluster of five children in the Netherlands in the spring of 2022 – UEG Journal

Sudden onset hepatitis in children – Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology (if the link is paywalled, try this one)

Outbreak of hepatitis in children: clinical course of children with acute liver failure admitted to the intensive care unit – Intensive Care Medicine (if the link is paywalled, try this one)

Investigating Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children – American Society for Microbiology

What’s sending kids to hospitals with hepatitis—coronavirus, adenovirus, or both? – Science

Investigation into acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children in England Technical briefing 3 – UK Health Security Agency

Case numbers of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology among children in 24 countries up to 18 April 2022 compared to the previous 5 years – Eurosurveillance

Severe acute hepatitis and acute liver failure of unknown origin in children: a questionnaire-based study within 34 paediatric liver centres in 22 European countries and Israel, April 2022 – Eurosurveillance

Severe acute hepatitis in children: investigate SARS-CoV-2 superantigens – The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Puzzling pediatric hepatitis cases echo an earlier mysterious illness – STAT

Why COVID is a key suspect in severe hepatitis cases in kids worldwide – CBC

Hepatitis outbreak in children: What do we know so far? – Imperial College London

Explaining the unexplained hepatitis in children – The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Epidemiological update: Hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children – European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

Unexplained hepatitis cases in kids rise to 348 in 20 nations – CIDRAP

Investigation into acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children in England Technical briefing 2 – UK Health Security Agency

With usual suspects ruled out, disease detectives try to crack mystery of viral hepatitis cases in kids – STAT

Acute Hepatitis and Adenovirus Infection Among Children — Alabama, October 2021–February 2022 – Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

The CDC and WHO Have Reported an Unusual Cluster of Severe Pediatric Hepatitis Cases – Science-Based Medicine

Investigation into acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children in England Technical briefing – UK Health Security Agency

Multi-Country – Acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children – World Health Organization

WHO says 12 countries have reported unusual cases of hepatitis in kids – STAT

CDC Alerts Providers to Hepatitis Cases of Unknown Origin – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Recommendations for Adenovirus Testing and Reporting of Children with Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Could Mysterious Hepatitis Cases be Triggered by COVID-19? – Health Policy Watch

Increase in hepatitis (liver inflammation) cases in children under investigation – UK Health Security Agency

U.S., U.K. investigating unusual cases of hepatitis in young children – STAT

Acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology – the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – World Health Organization

Increase in acute hepatitis of unknown origin among children – United Kingdom – European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control

Mysterious liver illness seen in kids in US, Europe – Associated Press

Cohort Study | Effectiveness of the Pfizer vaccine against Omicron in children 5 to 11 years of age.

21 Jul, 2022 | 13:28h | UTC

Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age – New England Journal of Medicine

M-A of RCTs | Effects of acetaminophen and ibuprofen monotherapy in febrile children.

19 Jul, 2022 | 13:15h | UTC

Effects of acetaminophen and ibuprofen monotherapy in febrile children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials – Archives of Medical Science

WHO | COVID-19 pandemic fuels largest continued backslide in vaccinations in three decades.

18 Jul, 2022 | 11:45h | UTC

COVID-19 pandemic fuels largest continued backslide in vaccinations in three decades – World Health Organization

Commentaries:

WHO, UNICEF sound alarm over childhood immunization slide – CIDRAP

Expert reaction to data from WHO and UNICEF on global childhood vaccination rates, including against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP3); HPV; and measles – Science Media Centre

Commentary on Twitter (thread – click for more)

1⃣8⃣ million children did not receive a single vaccine in 2021 – the largest ↘️ in 29 years, due to:

? #COVID19-related disruptions
? emergencies
? misinformation undermining vaccine acceptance & demand

WHO & @UNICEF sound the alarm ?

? data on global vaccine coverage ⬇️

— World Health Organization (WHO) (@WHO) July 14, 2022