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Pediatrics – Infectious Diseases

SR | Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for treating acute diarrhea and severe dehydration in children

25 May, 2023 | 11:15h | UTC

Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for treating acute diarrhoea and severe dehydration in children – Cochrane Library

Summary: Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for severely dehydrated children with acute diarrhoea – Cochrane Library

 


RCT | Tonsillectomy shown to be clinically and cost-effective in adults with recurrent acute tonsillitis

23 May, 2023 | 13:06h | UTC

Summary: The NATTINA trial, a pragmatic multicentre, open-label, randomized controlled study, sought to compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness of conservative management versus tonsillectomy in adults with recurrent acute tonsillitis. Conducted across 27 UK hospitals, 453 participants aged 16 or older were randomly assigned to either undergo immediate tonsillectomy or receive standard non-surgical care.

The main finding was that participants in the immediate tonsillectomy group had fewer days of sore throat over a 24-month period than those in the conservative management group (median 23 vs. 30 days). After adjusting for site and baseline severity, the incident rate ratio of total sore throat days in the immediate tonsillectomy group was significantly lower than in the conservative management group (0.53, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.65, p < 0.0001). The most common adverse event related to tonsillectomy was bleeding, which occurred in 19% of participants.

The NATTINA trial is the largest to date assessing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of tonsillectomy in adults. The results indicate that immediate tonsillectomy is clinically effective and cost-effective for recurrent acute tonsillitis. However, patients should weigh the benefits of fewer sore throat days against the risks of surgery.

Article: Conservative management versus tonsillectomy in adults with recurrent acute tonsillitis in the UK (NATTINA): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial – The Lancet

News Release: Tonsillectomy both clinically and cost effective for adults – Newcastle University

 

Commentary on Twitter

 


Cohort Study | Long-term risk of epilepsy following invasive Group B Streptococcus disease in neonates

9 May, 2023 | 14:25h | UTC

Long-term Risk of Epilepsy Following Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease in Neonates in Denmark – JAMA Network Open

 


Podcast | Fungi fun! an in-depth look at tinea infections in children

18 Apr, 2023 | 13:14h | UTC

Fungi Fun! An In-Depth Look at Tinea Infections – The Cribsiders

 


Consensus Paper | Best management of patients with an acute sore throat

6 Apr, 2023 | 13:32h | UTC

Best management of patients with an acute sore throat – a critical analysis of current evidence and a consensus of experts from different countries and traditions – Infectious Diseases

 


Updated WHO Guidelines | COVID-19 boosters no longer routinely recommended for low-risk groups

30 Mar, 2023 | 14:33h | UTC

Summary: The WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has revised its COVID-19 vaccination roadmap in light of the Omicron variant and widespread population immunity. The revised roadmap prioritizes protecting those at the highest risk of severe disease and death while maintaining resilient health systems. It introduces cost-effectiveness considerations for vaccinating lower-risk individuals, such as healthy children and adolescents, and presents revised booster dose recommendations.

Priority groups are categorized as high, medium, and low, based on factors like risk of severe disease and death. People in the high-priority group, consisting of older adults, individuals with significant comorbidities or immunocompromising conditions, pregnant persons, and frontline health workers, are advised to receive additional boosters 6 or 12 months after the last dose. The medium priority group, which includes healthy adults without comorbidities and children with comorbidities, is recommended to receive primary series and first booster doses. However, SAGE no longer routinely recommends additional boosters for this group due to limited public health gains.

For the low-priority group, encompassing healthy children and adolescents, vaccination decisions should take into account factors such as disease prevalence and cost-effectiveness. It is important to note that the public health benefits of vaccinating healthy children and adolescents are considerably lower compared to established essential vaccines for children, like rotavirus, measles, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

News Release: SAGE updates COVID-19 vaccination guidance – World Health Organization

Commentaries:

No More COVID-19 Boosters for Healthy People, WHO Experts Recommend – Health Policy Watch

WHO vaccine advisers update COVID vaccine recommendations – CIDRAP

 


SR | Consequences of Shigella infection in young children

30 Mar, 2023 | 13:52h | UTC

Consequences of Shigella infection in young children: a systematic review – International Journal of Infectious Diseases

 


Guidelines | Management of bronchiolitis in infants

28 Mar, 2023 | 14:47h | UTC

UPDATE – 2022 Italian guidelines on the management of bronchiolitis in infants – Italian Journal of Pediatrics

 


SR | Post-tuberculosis sequelae in children and adolescents

27 Mar, 2023 | 13:16h | UTC

Post-tuberculosis sequelae in children and adolescents: a systematic review – The Lancet Infectious Diseases (free registration required)

 


M-A | Development of treatment-decision algorithms for children evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis

23 Mar, 2023 | 12:50h | UTC

Development of treatment-decision algorithms for children evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis: an individual participant data meta-analysis – The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health

News Release: New Algorithms Could Improve Pediatric Tuberculosis Diagnosis – Yale School of Public Health

 

Commentary from the author on Twitter (thread – click for more)

 


Updated recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission

15 Mar, 2023 | 15:22h | UTC

Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States – Department of Health and Human Services

Commentary: Antiretroviral Therapy During Pregnancy and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission: 2023 Recommendations – Journal Watch

 


Myocarditis or pericarditis events after BNT162b2 vaccination in individuals aged 12 to 17 years in Ontario, Canada

7 Mar, 2023 | 13:13h | UTC

Summary:

A population-based cohort study was conducted to estimate the incidence of reported myocarditis or pericarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in Ontario, Canada, and to describe the clinical information associated with these events. The study analyzed data from 1.65 million doses of BNT162b2 vaccinations administered between December 14, 2020, and November 21, 2021.

According to the study, 77 adolescents were reported to have developed myocarditis or pericarditis after receiving the vaccine, and there was a greater occurrence of these events among those aged 16 to 17 years compared to those aged 12 to 15 years. Additionally, adolescents with shorter intervals between vaccine doses had a higher incidence of myocarditis or pericarditis.

Most cases of myocarditis and pericarditis were mild, and the adolescents required either no treatment or were treated conservatively with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Article: Myocarditis or Pericarditis Events After BNT162b2 Vaccination in Individuals Aged 12 to 17 Years in Ontario, Canada – JAMA Pediatrics

Commentary: Does the incidence of reported myocarditis or pericarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination vary by age, sex, and inter-dose interval among adolescents aged 12 to 17? – News Medical

 


BTS Clinical Guidance | Prevention and management of community-acquired pneumonia in people with learning disability

6 Mar, 2023 | 14:34h | UTC

BTS Clinical Statement on the prevention and management of community-acquired pneumonia in people with learning disability – Thorax

 


Brief Review | Acute rheumatic fever: recent advances

2 Mar, 2023 | 12:41h | UTC

Acute Rheumatic Fever: Recent Advances – The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (free for a limited period)

 


Brief Review | Congenital infections: priorities and possibilities for resource-limited settings

1 Mar, 2023 | 13:32h | UTC

Congenital Infections: Priorities and Possibilities for Resource-limited Settings – The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (free for a limited period)

 


SR | Insufficient evidence to recommend Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia

28 Feb, 2023 | 13:39h | UTC

Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia – Cochrane Library

 


Cross-sectional study | Risk factors for hearing loss at birth in newborns with congenital CMV infection

28 Feb, 2023 | 13:20h | UTC

Risk Factors for Hearing Loss at Birth in Newborns With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection – JAMA Pediatrics (link to abstract – $ for full-text)

Commentary: Factors ID’d for Hearing Loss in Newborns With Congenital Cytomegalovirus – HealthDay

 

Commentaries on Twitter

 


SR | The impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in pediatric emergency departments and primary care

24 Feb, 2023 | 13:20h | UTC

The impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes in paediatric emergency departments and primary care: a systematic review – Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease

 


SR | Glucocorticoids for croup in children

23 Feb, 2023 | 13:17h | UTC

Glucocorticoids for croup in children – Cochrane Library

 


M-A | Monoclonal antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children

22 Feb, 2023 | 12:24h | UTC

Monoclonal Antibody for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis – JAMA Network Open

Commentary: Study Finds 3 Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce RSV Infections in High-Risk Infants, Children – HCP Live

 

Commentary on Twitter

 


RCT | Evaluation of BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age

17 Feb, 2023 | 13:27h | UTC

Summary: The study was a combined phase 2-3 clinical trial that aimed to determine whether the BNT162b2 vaccine was safe, could elicit an immune response and was effective in preventing COVID-19 in healthy children. The trial was conducted on children aged 6 months to 11 years, with the findings presented for the 6 months to 4 years age group. The results indicated that the vaccine was safe, immunogenic, and effective in reducing the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 by 73.2% in children aged 6 months to 4 years. The vaccine was well-tolerated, and the side effects were mainly mild to moderate. The incidence of fever was similar among those who received the vaccine or a placebo.*

Article: Evaluation of BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children Younger than 5 Years of Age – New England Journal of Medicine (link to abstract – $ for full-text)

 

*Note: This summary was created through the collaboration of a medical editor and ChatGPT.

 


SR | The impact of interventions to prevent neonatal healthcare-associated infections in low- and middle-income countries

16 Feb, 2023 | 14:47h | UTC

The Impact of Interventions to Prevent Neonatal Healthcare-associated Infections in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review – The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

 


SR | The impact of antimicrobial stewardship in children in low- and middle-income countries

16 Feb, 2023 | 14:46h | UTC

The Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Children in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review – The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

 


Updated child and adolescent immunization schedule, United States, 2023

13 Feb, 2023 | 13:05h | UTC

Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule by Age – Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention

See also: Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule: United States, 2023 – Pediatrics

Commentary: Immunization Schedule for Children, Teens Updated for 2023 – HealthDay

 


US infant pertussis incidence trends before and after implementation of the maternal Tdap vaccine

13 Feb, 2023 | 12:38h | UTC

US Infant Pertussis Incidence Trends Before and After Implementation of the Maternal Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccine – JAMA Pediatrics (free for a limited period)

Commentary: Maternal Tdap Vaccination Protects Youngest Infants From Pertussis – HealthDay

 

Commentary on Twitter

 


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