Pediatrics – Infectious Diseases
SR | Balanced crystalloid solutions versus 0.9% saline for treating acute diarrhea and severe dehydration in children
25 May, 2023 | 11:15h | UTC
RCT | Tonsillectomy shown to be clinically and cost-effective in adults with recurrent acute tonsillitis
23 May, 2023 | 13:06h | UTCSummary: The NATTINA trial, a pragmatic multicentre, open-label, randomized controlled study, sought to compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness of conservative management versus tonsillectomy in adults with recurrent acute tonsillitis. Conducted across 27 UK hospitals, 453 participants aged 16 or older were randomly assigned to either undergo immediate tonsillectomy or receive standard non-surgical care.
The main finding was that participants in the immediate tonsillectomy group had fewer days of sore throat over a 24-month period than those in the conservative management group (median 23 vs. 30 days). After adjusting for site and baseline severity, the incident rate ratio of total sore throat days in the immediate tonsillectomy group was significantly lower than in the conservative management group (0.53, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.65, p < 0.0001). The most common adverse event related to tonsillectomy was bleeding, which occurred in 19% of participants.
The NATTINA trial is the largest to date assessing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of tonsillectomy in adults. The results indicate that immediate tonsillectomy is clinically effective and cost-effective for recurrent acute tonsillitis. However, patients should weigh the benefits of fewer sore throat days against the risks of surgery.
News Release: Tonsillectomy both clinically and cost effective for adults – Newcastle University
Commentary on Twitter
Compared with conservative management, immediate tonsillectomy is clinically effective and cost-effective in adults with recurrent acute #tonsillitis, suggests trial. https://t.co/LvSjn6XUx0 pic.twitter.com/yKzH9RqY5J
— The Lancet (@TheLancet) May 18, 2023
Cohort Study | Long-term risk of epilepsy following invasive Group B Streptococcus disease in neonates
9 May, 2023 | 14:25h | UTC
Podcast | Fungi fun! an in-depth look at tinea infections in children
18 Apr, 2023 | 13:14h | UTCFungi Fun! An In-Depth Look at Tinea Infections – The Cribsiders
Consensus Paper | Best management of patients with an acute sore throat
6 Apr, 2023 | 13:32h | UTC
Updated WHO Guidelines | COVID-19 boosters no longer routinely recommended for low-risk groups
30 Mar, 2023 | 14:33h | UTCSummary: The WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has revised its COVID-19 vaccination roadmap in light of the Omicron variant and widespread population immunity. The revised roadmap prioritizes protecting those at the highest risk of severe disease and death while maintaining resilient health systems. It introduces cost-effectiveness considerations for vaccinating lower-risk individuals, such as healthy children and adolescents, and presents revised booster dose recommendations.
Priority groups are categorized as high, medium, and low, based on factors like risk of severe disease and death. People in the high-priority group, consisting of older adults, individuals with significant comorbidities or immunocompromising conditions, pregnant persons, and frontline health workers, are advised to receive additional boosters 6 or 12 months after the last dose. The medium priority group, which includes healthy adults without comorbidities and children with comorbidities, is recommended to receive primary series and first booster doses. However, SAGE no longer routinely recommends additional boosters for this group due to limited public health gains.
For the low-priority group, encompassing healthy children and adolescents, vaccination decisions should take into account factors such as disease prevalence and cost-effectiveness. It is important to note that the public health benefits of vaccinating healthy children and adolescents are considerably lower compared to established essential vaccines for children, like rotavirus, measles, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
News Release: SAGE updates COVID-19 vaccination guidance – World Health Organization
Commentaries:
No More COVID-19 Boosters for Healthy People, WHO Experts Recommend – Health Policy Watch
WHO vaccine advisers update COVID vaccine recommendations – CIDRAP
SR | Consequences of Shigella infection in young children
30 Mar, 2023 | 13:52h | UTC
Guidelines | Management of bronchiolitis in infants
28 Mar, 2023 | 14:47h | UTC
SR | Post-tuberculosis sequelae in children and adolescents
27 Mar, 2023 | 13:16h | UTCPost-tuberculosis sequelae in children and adolescents: a systematic review – The Lancet Infectious Diseases (free registration required)
M-A | Development of treatment-decision algorithms for children evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis
23 Mar, 2023 | 12:50h | UTCNews Release: New Algorithms Could Improve Pediatric Tuberculosis Diagnosis – Yale School of Public Health
Commentary from the author on Twitter (thread – click for more)
1/ Excited to share our #openaccess work in @LancetChildAdol where we evaluate existing algorithms and develop pragmatic, evidence-based algorithms to support evaluation for #pediatric pulmonary #tuberculosis
Link: https://t.co/tjDkk9xJm2
A summary 🧵
— Kenneth Gunasekera (@kennyguna) March 16, 2023
Updated recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission
15 Mar, 2023 | 15:22h | UTC
Myocarditis or pericarditis events after BNT162b2 vaccination in individuals aged 12 to 17 years in Ontario, Canada
7 Mar, 2023 | 13:13h | UTCSummary:
A population-based cohort study was conducted to estimate the incidence of reported myocarditis or pericarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in Ontario, Canada, and to describe the clinical information associated with these events. The study analyzed data from 1.65 million doses of BNT162b2 vaccinations administered between December 14, 2020, and November 21, 2021.
According to the study, 77 adolescents were reported to have developed myocarditis or pericarditis after receiving the vaccine, and there was a greater occurrence of these events among those aged 16 to 17 years compared to those aged 12 to 15 years. Additionally, adolescents with shorter intervals between vaccine doses had a higher incidence of myocarditis or pericarditis.
Most cases of myocarditis and pericarditis were mild, and the adolescents required either no treatment or were treated conservatively with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
BTS Clinical Guidance | Prevention and management of community-acquired pneumonia in people with learning disability
6 Mar, 2023 | 14:34h | UTC
Brief Review | Acute rheumatic fever: recent advances
2 Mar, 2023 | 12:41h | UTCAcute Rheumatic Fever: Recent Advances – The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (free for a limited period)
Brief Review | Congenital infections: priorities and possibilities for resource-limited settings
1 Mar, 2023 | 13:32h | UTCCongenital Infections: Priorities and Possibilities for Resource-limited Settings – The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (free for a limited period)
SR | Insufficient evidence to recommend Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia
28 Feb, 2023 | 13:39h | UTC
Cross-sectional study | Risk factors for hearing loss at birth in newborns with congenital CMV infection
28 Feb, 2023 | 13:20h | UTCRisk Factors for Hearing Loss at Birth in Newborns With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection – JAMA Pediatrics (link to abstract – $ for full-text)
Commentary: Factors ID’d for Hearing Loss in Newborns With Congenital Cytomegalovirus – HealthDay
Commentaries on Twitter
Findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and petechiae at birth, periventricular cysts on MRI, or a seroconversion in the first trimester had a higher risk of congenital hearing loss. https://t.co/csecGRFjug
— JAMA Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery (@JAMAOto) January 3, 2023
A study in @JAMAOto examines the association of clinical independent risk factors and hearing loss in congenital CMV https://t.co/n0ScC6eMuB#EBNEOalerts #neoEBM #neotwitter pic.twitter.com/j1R5law7bo
— Evidence-Based Neo (@EBNEO) January 18, 2023
SR | The impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in pediatric emergency departments and primary care
24 Feb, 2023 | 13:20h | UTC
SR | Glucocorticoids for croup in children
23 Feb, 2023 | 13:17h | UTCGlucocorticoids for croup in children – Cochrane Library
M-A | Monoclonal antibody for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children
22 Feb, 2023 | 12:24h | UTCCommentary: Study Finds 3 Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce RSV Infections in High-Risk Infants, Children – HCP Live
Commentary on Twitter
Network meta-analysis of 4 monoclonal antibodies for the prevention of RSV in children finds 3 may be useful in preventing RSV; more research to confirm efficacy, safety, and cost effectiveness is needed. https://t.co/wz9yCVAFWo
— JAMA Network Open (@JAMANetworkOpen) February 17, 2023
RCT | Evaluation of BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age
17 Feb, 2023 | 13:27h | UTCSummary: The study was a combined phase 2-3 clinical trial that aimed to determine whether the BNT162b2 vaccine was safe, could elicit an immune response and was effective in preventing COVID-19 in healthy children. The trial was conducted on children aged 6 months to 11 years, with the findings presented for the 6 months to 4 years age group. The results indicated that the vaccine was safe, immunogenic, and effective in reducing the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 by 73.2% in children aged 6 months to 4 years. The vaccine was well-tolerated, and the side effects were mainly mild to moderate. The incidence of fever was similar among those who received the vaccine or a placebo.*
Article: Evaluation of BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children Younger than 5 Years of Age – New England Journal of Medicine (link to abstract – $ for full-text)
*Note: This summary was created through the collaboration of a medical editor and ChatGPT.
SR | The impact of interventions to prevent neonatal healthcare-associated infections in low- and middle-income countries
16 Feb, 2023 | 14:47h | UTC
SR | The impact of antimicrobial stewardship in children in low- and middle-income countries
16 Feb, 2023 | 14:46h | UTC
Updated child and adolescent immunization schedule, United States, 2023
13 Feb, 2023 | 13:05h | UTCChild and Adolescent Immunization Schedule by Age – Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
See also: Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule: United States, 2023 – Pediatrics
Commentary: Immunization Schedule for Children, Teens Updated for 2023 – HealthDay
US infant pertussis incidence trends before and after implementation of the maternal Tdap vaccine
13 Feb, 2023 | 12:38h | UTCUS Infant Pertussis Incidence Trends Before and After Implementation of the Maternal Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Vaccine – JAMA Pediatrics (free for a limited period)
Commentary: Maternal Tdap Vaccination Protects Youngest Infants From Pertussis – HealthDay
Commentary on Twitter
Study findings suggest that maternal #Tdap vaccination is associated with a reduction in #pertussis among infants younger than 2 months, the strategy’s target age group. https://t.co/a5h3z2zXY2
— JAMA Pediatrics (@JAMAPediatrics) February 7, 2023